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Ion Exchange Technology Development in Support of the Urine Processor Assembly Precipitation Prevention Project for the International Space Station

机译：离子交换技术的发展，以支持国际空间站的尿液处理器组件防止沉淀项目

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In support of the Urine Processor Assembly Precipitation Prevention Project (UPA PPP), multiple technologies were explored to prevent CaSO4 2H2O (gypsum) precipitation during the on-orbit distillation process. Gypsum precipitation currently limits the water recovery rate onboard the International Space Station (ISS) to 70% versus the planned 85% target water recovery rate. Due to its ability to remove calcium cations in pretreated augmented urine (PTAU), ion exchange was selected as one of the technologies for further development by the PPP team. A total of 13 ion exchange resins were evaluated in various equilibrium and dynamic column tests with solutions of dissolved gypsum, urine ersatz, PTAU, and PTAU brine at 85% water recovery. While initial evaluations indicated that the Purolite SST60 resin had the highest calcium capacity in PTAU (0.30 meq/mL average), later tests showed that the Dowex G26 and Amberlite FPC12H resins had the highest capacity (0.5 meq/mL average). Testing at the Marshall Spaceflight Center (MSFC) integrates the ion exchange technology with a UPA ground article under flight-like pulsed flow conditions with PTAU. To date, no gypsum precipitation has taken place in any of the initial evaluations.
机译：为了支持尿液处理器组件防止沉淀项目（UPA PPP），探索了多种技术来防止在轨蒸馏过程中CaSO4 2H2O（石膏）沉淀。目前，石膏降水将国际空间站（ISS）的水回收率限制在70％，而计划的目标水回收率是85％。由于其能够去除预处理的增强尿液（PTAU）中的钙阳离子的能力，离子交换被PPP团队选为进一步开发的技术之一。使用溶解的石膏，尿素，PTAU和PTAU盐水（水回收率达85％）的各种平衡和动态柱测试对总共13种离子交换树脂进行了评估。初步评估表明，Purolite SST60树脂在PTAU中具有最高的钙容量（平均0.30 meq / mL），后来的测试表明Dowex G26和Amberlite FPC12H树脂具有最高的钙容量（平均0.5 meq / mL）。马歇尔航天中心（MSFC）的测试将离子交换技术与UPA地面物品集成在PTAU的类似飞行脉冲流条件下。迄今为止，在任何初步评估中都没有发生石膏沉淀。

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